![]() ![]() Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. ![]() Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Opioids can cause death and have been used for executions in the United States. Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are approved only for veterinary use. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, and suppressing cough. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Chemical structure of morphine, the prototypical opioid.
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